Experimental characterization of the impact of temperature and humidity on the breakdown of soil water repellency in sandy soils and composts          下载免费PDF全文

Amii Whelan  Cedric Kechavarzi  Frederic Coulon  Stefan H. Doerr 《水文研究》2015,29(8):2065-2073

Soil water repellency is a widespread phenomenon with the capacity to alter hydrological and geomorphological processes. Water repellency decays with time, and the consequences are only of concern during the timescale at which the water repellency persists. This study aimed to characterize the influence of temperature and humidity on the breakdown of water repellency. Apparent contact angle measurements were carried out on samples consisting of sand treated with stearic acid as well as naturally repellent dune sands and composts. Temperature and humidity were controlled using a cooled incubator and a purpose designed enclosed box in which humidity could be raised or lowered. Results showed the contact angle of the stearic‐acid‐treated sands decayed with time and that there was a significant increase with stearic acid concentration. For all samples, the decay in apparent contact angle could be described with a continuous breakdown model. The stearic‐acid‐treated sands showed a significant increase in contact angle with relative humidity at a temperature of 10 and 20 °C. These differences diminished with increasing temperature. Similar results were seen for the dune sands and composts. Despite the influence of temperature and humidity on contact angles, there was no significant change in the rate at which the contact angle decayed in any sample. Absolute humidity was found to provide a more relevant indicator than relative humidity when assessing the influence of humidity on repellency over a range of temperatures. The contact angle initially increased with absolute humidity before plateauing owing to the confounding effect of temperature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Estimation of near surface soil moisture in a sloping terrain of a Himalayan watershed using ENVISAT ASAR multi‐incidence angle alternate polarisation data          下载免费PDF全文

Sameer Saran  Geert Sterk  Rajiv Nair  R. S. Chatterjee 《水文研究》2014,28(3):895-904

Soil moisture is one of the important input variables in hydrological and water erosion models. The extraction of information on near surface soil moisture from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is well established mostly for flat terrain and using low incidence angle single polarisation data. The ENVISAT advanced SAR (ASAR) data available in multiple incidence angles and alternate polarisation modes were investigated in this study for soil moisture estimation in sloping terrain. The test site was Sitla Rao watershed in the Lesser Himalayas of northern India. Empirical models were developed to estimate near surface soil moisture in bare agricultural fields using alternate polarisation ASAR data. Both soil moisture and surface roughness field measurements were performed during the satellite passes. Backscatter from medium incidence angle (IS‐4) and vertical‐vertical (VV) polarisation signal is correlated better with volumetric soil moisture content compared to other incidence angles. The model parameters were further improved, and soil moisture estimation was refined by combining medium incidence angle (IS4) vertical‐horizontal polarisation response as another variable along with VV polarisation response. The effect of slope on the radar backscatter was minimized by incorporating local incidence angles derived from an ASTER DEM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

地震台站空隙角对地震定位精度的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

管勇  吴朋  马付红 《地震地磁观测与研究》2017,38(3):53-59

利用四川测震台网记录的芦山余震资料,选取20个M≥2.5地震,以Loc3D(川滇)定位方法定位结果为标准。采用MSDP中常用定位方法(HypoSAT、HYP2000、LocSAT、单纯型),在人为增减台站情况下,使得台站空隙角在25°—320°范围内任意变化,采用相同震相和相同台站对选定的地震事件进行定位,并对定位结果与标准结果对比,结果表明:震中位置在台站空隙角25°—130°任意变化时,4种定位方法效果较好,差别不大;在空隙角达到130°时,震中位移具有随着空隙角增大而逐步变大趋势;在空隙角达到190°时,单纯型法震中位移明显加大,出现随机突跳现象。总体而言,LocSAT法定位效果较好,平均震中位移2.6 km,HYP2000法平均震中位移2.8 km,HypoSAT平均震中位移4.1 km,单纯型定位效果较差,平均震中位移10.3 km。  相似文献   

肺小细胞神经内分泌癌MDCT征象分析          下载免费PDF全文

贾亚军  杨智  杨大兴  付兵  李春平  陈天武  杨帆  李睿 《CT理论与应用研究》2017,26(1):91-98

目的:探讨肺小细胞神经分泌癌的MDCT表现特征。方法:对具有完整胸部MDCT资料并经病理证实的28例肺小细胞神经内分泌癌CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果:中央型肺小细胞神经内分泌癌18例（64％），支气管管壁增厚伴肺内肿块或结节17例（94％），纵隔或肺门淋巴结肿大15例（83％），增强扫描可见肿块与肿大淋巴结明显不均匀强化，周围型肺小细胞神经内分泌癌10例（36％），密度均匀，呈分叶状，强化明显，CT无特征性表现。结论:肺小细胞神经内分泌癌主要征象以支气管管壁增厚伴肺门区肿块为主，多伴有肺门、纵膈淋巴结转移。   相似文献   

Re‐establishment of soil water repellency after destruction by intense burning in a Mediterranean heathland (SW Spain)     

Antonio Jordán  Félix A. González  Lorena M. Zavala 《水文研究》2010,24(6):736-748

Soil water repellency has been conventionally considered as a fire‐induced effect, but an increasing number of studies have suggested that natural background repellency occurs in many soil types, and many of them have suggested that water repellency can be re‐established over time after being destroyed. An experimental fire was conducted to study changes of the soil surface during the first 18 months following intense burning. The main objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) to investigate in situ water repellency changes at three soil depths (0, 2 and 4 cm) immediately after burning; (2) to evaluate the medium‐term evolution of water repellency under field conditions; and (3) to outline the main hydrological consequences of these changes. Also, different water repellency tests (water drop penetration time, ethanol percentage test (EPT) and contact angle (CA) between water drops and the soil surface) were carried out for comparison purposes. Field experiments showed that soil water repellency was partly destroyed after intense burning. Changes were relatively strong at the soil surface, but diminished progressively with depth. Levels of water repellency were practically re‐established 18 months after burning. This suggests that water repellency in the studied area is not necessarily a consequence of fire, but can instead be a natural attribute. Finally, although limited in time, destruction of soil water repellency has important consequences for runoff flow generation and soil loss rates, and, indirectly, for water quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

行星际等离子区对火星探测器距离观测量的影响          下载免费PDF全文

李杰  胡松杰 《海洋测绘》2010,30(2):32-34

根据Muhleman和Anderson在1981年给出的行星际空间等离子体密度模型,模拟计算了行星际等离子区对8GHz电波的距离延迟与太阳-地球-航天器夹角(SEP)和光路径长度(L)的关系。结果显示,在本文的模拟条件下,距离延迟随SEP和L从几毫米变化到几十米。最后,分别仿真了一条地火转移轨道和环火星轨道,计算了两种情况下行星际等离子区延迟对测站到航天器距离观测量的影响。  相似文献   

长江三峡库区秭归杨林桥镇震群成因     

董建辉  叶浩  徐玉聪  刘华清 《地震地磁观测与研究》2017,38(6):34-40

对三峡数字地震台网记录的2016年3—6月三峡工程库区秭归库段杨林桥镇小震群进行双差精定位,通过Snoke方法计算该震群中较大地震的震源机制解,并结合野外宏观调查等方法,分析震源参数的时空变化特征。结果表明:杨林桥镇小震群密集分布在2 km×3 km矩形范围内,有较明显的展布方向,但与邻近的仙女山断裂、九畹溪断裂和天阳坪断裂走向不一致;震群距长江干流超过10 km,与三峡水库无水利联系,无相关性;震群展布方向上有岩溶洞分布,且降雨丰富,初步判断成因类型为岩溶塌陷型。  相似文献   

利用精定位小震资料反演1933年叠溪M7?地震震源断层面参数     

李峰  张效亮  贾启超  刘华国  龚飞 《震灾防御技术》2017,12(3):565-573

1933年叠溪发生7?级强震，关于此次地震的发震构造存在较大争议，有些学者认为NW向松坪沟断裂是此次地震的发震构造，另有学者认为近NS向岷江断裂南段才是这次地震的发震构造。本文根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面附近的原则，利用1990-2014年精定位小震目录，根据万永革等（2008）提出的震源断层面拟合方法，反演了叠溪地震震源断层走向、倾角和位置。断层走向和倾角分别是172.8°和82.9°，倾向偏向西。本文结果更支持岷江断裂南段为叠溪地震发震构造这一结论。  相似文献   

基于ECR与ECI星历数据的遥感影像定位     

程春泉  邓喀中  张继贤  孙钰珊 《测绘科学》2010,35(2):13-15

经典的共线方程中物方坐标系建立在地球表面,在航天摄影测量中,地面摄影测量坐标系的应用,增加了不同类型测量数据间联合处理的难度,限制了影像数据摄影测量处理的空间范围。本文介绍了基于视线方向的影像对地定位算法原理,并以此为基础建立了地心系下的航天影像摄影测量共线方程。针对地固地心系和空固地心系下星历数据的不同点,建立了基于两种地心系下星历数据的航天遥感影像定位严密模型,并对两种模型中偏流角处理的不同点进行了分析,最后给出了一个应用试验。  相似文献   

基于SRTM地形数据天气雷达地形遮挡分析系统开发及应用     

周嘉健  徐黄飞  邹庆彪  汤晶晶  刘艳中 《热带气象学报》2021,37(2):258-267

天气雷达是目前对强对流、台风、暴雨等天气过程进行精细探测的重要手段之一,其观测数据对天气预报业务起着关键的作用。天气雷达的探测能力会受到雷达所建位置四周地形遮挡影响。因此合理的雷达选址能更大程度地发挥出雷达的探测能力。基于中国科学院计算机网络信息中心地理空间数据云平台获取的SRTM地形数据,利用MATLAB工具开发天气雷达地形遮挡分析系统,实现一键智能绘图,获取天气雷达遮蔽角图、各方位遮蔽角柱状图、等射束高度图及等射束高度拼图,提高雷达选址的工作效率。通过仿真试验测试系统功能,通过实例应用实际分析拟建站点地形遮挡情况。同时,系统新加入智能分析结果为雷达建站选址提供相应的分析,并具备人工补偿功能可将人工现场观测数据加入结果中完善雷达建设选址。   相似文献